A study, published on 14 April in Cell, is the result of research led by Wolfram Schultz, a scientist at the University of Cambridge (UK) and his team. The work suggests that these so-called "simulation neurons", found in the amygdala, a collection of nerve cells in the brain's temporal lobe, allow animals (and humans) to reconstruct the mental state of their social partners and, therefore, predict their intentions.
The first author of the study, Fabian Grabenhorst, a researcher at the Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience at the University of Cambridge explains: "We started to look for neurons that might be involved in social learning. We were surprised to discover that neurons in the amygdala not only learn the value of the objects of social observation, but they used this information to simulate the decisions of their partner".
The simulation of the decisions of others is a sophisticated cognitive process within social learning. "For example, by observing the foraging choices of another individual, we can learn what food is worth choosing. This knowledge is not only to do with our own decisions but also help us to predict the future decisions of others," says Gustavo Deco, co-author of the study.
For the study, the researchers recorded the activity of amygdala neurons in monkeys while participating in observational learning tasks. Positioned in pairs, facing each other, with a touch screen between them, the animals had to take a decision if they wanted to receive the reward (fruit juice). To maximize their reward, the animals had to learn and monitor the likelihood of reward associated with the different images displayed to them on the screen. The study allowed the animals to observe the choices taken by their partner and learn the reward values of each image. The researchers say that once the images were switched, the observing animal could make use of this knowledge when it was the recorded monkey's turn to choose.
Surprisingly, it was seen that when an animal observed its partner, the neurons in the amygdala of the observer seemed to make a decision computation. These neurons were able to make a prediction about the reward value of the partner's choices before taking a decision, which is in line with a simulated decision-making process. It is important to highlight that these patterns of activity occurred spontaneously, long before the partner's choices and options without the need for a decision by the observer.
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Sanskrit scholars in India learn to chant ancient texts from a tender age. They chant simple mantras, Sanskrit poetry, and prose, along with memorising and chanting the most ancient Sanskrit texts, including the Shukla Yajurveda, which takes six hours to chant. While those listening to these chantings receive the gift of the sacred texts they are sharing with us, the chanting of long texts does, in fact, have an amazing effect on the brain.
Neuroscience shows how rigorous memorising can help the brain. The term the "Sanskrit Effect" was coined by neuroscientist James Hartzell, who studied 21 professionally qualified Sanskrit pandits. He discovered that memorising Vedic mantras increases the size of brain regions associated with cognitive function, including short and long-term memory. This finding corroborates the beliefs of the Indian tradition which holds that memorising and reciting mantras enhances memory and thinking.
Dr. Hartzell, a Sanskrit devotee and postdoctoral researcher at Spain's Basque Centre on Cognition, Brain and Language, spent many years studying and translating Sanskrit and became fascinated by its impact on the brain. "I noticed that the more Sanskrit I studied and translated, the better my verbal memory seemed to become. Fellow students and teachers often remarked on my ability to exactly repeat lecturers' own sentences when asking them questions in class. Other translators of Sanskrit told me of similar cognitive shifts. India's Vedic Sanskrit pandits train for years to orally memorise and exactly recite 3,000-year old oral texts ranging from 40,000 to over 100,000 words. We wanted to find out how such intense verbal memory training affects the physical structure of their brains."
Dr. Hartzell's research is the first study to examine the brains of Sanskrit scholars. Using structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) at India's National Brain Research Centre, they scanned the brains of 21 Sanskrit pandits and 21 control subjects. "What we discovered from the structural MRI scanning was remarkable. Numerous regions in the brains of the pandits were dramatically larger than those of controls, with over 10 percent more grey matter across both cerebral hemispheres, and substantial increases in cortical thickness. Although the exact cellular underpinnings of grey matter and cortical thickness measures are still under investigation, increases in these metrics consistently correlate with enhanced cognitive function."
He reports that the right hippocampus of the scholars, a region that plays a vital role in short and long-term memory, and is specialised for patterns, such as sound, spatial and visual patterns, had more grey matter than the brains of the control subjects. The right temporal cortex, associated with speech prosody and voice identity, was also substantially thicker.
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The man's face looked otherworldly, his eyes glistened, and a smile crossed his face. He moved about easily and seemed to be barely touching the ground. He did not have no sunken cheeks nor bags under his eyes. His skin was glowing from inside as if he were a happy teenaged girl.
It was dawn on August 25th, 2003. On that day Nikolai Dolgoruki began living by the law of flowers. He stepped into his porch and instructed his internal organs three times to feed on space energy only. His body ran riot for two weeks. Nikolai dreamed about eating butter rolls. Eventually, his hunger vanished in the ozone. He became indifferent to food and found complete peace of mind. Nikolai lost a mere 7 kilos after living for nearly a hundred days of solar diet. He used to suffer from pains in his heart and stomach. Nowadays Nikolai says his pains have been gone along with his excess weight.
"The Japanese TV crew that made a film about me had several researchers from the Institute of Human Body's Hidden Abilities Studies. They asked me to take a full medical examination including tests in our municipal hospital No 5. Besides, they spent a few days in my house monitoring my activities – trivial thins like I getting up in the morning, riding my bicycle, digging in my vegetable garden, doing a few push-ups and chin-ups. They put on record my personal achievement: I stared at the sun for 13 hours. What did the results of the tests show? The results say I'm a healthy person, no anomalies detected."
Doctors at a regional center of non-traditional medicine in the Russian Belarus Dnieper Region commented in a cautious way on Dolgoruky's experiment. According to them, the sun and space energy have nothing to do with the case. The man drinks a few liters of beverages to sustain his body's activities.
Dolgoruki countered, "A sun eater is on a mission to bring light, goodness and spiritual cleansing to the people. I help the people stay strong and happy in this cruel world. I direct my thinking to other galaxies."
QUANTUM HEALTH TIP: Everything is energy, so this is not a stretch to believe. There are many examples of "breatharians" throughout history, who have been able to tap into latent abilities built-in to the human body. For us "regular people", though, we have the Life Energy Pack--four formulas that add subtle energy life force to the major systems of the body. Who knows? Maybe you won't have to eat so much!
This hack employs elements of acupressure and reflexology. Each area of the hand (and foot) correlates with all the organ systems of the body, so massaging these areas increases the energy and blood flow to all the body systems--and it's all right there in the palm of your hand. Another style of this practice is to begin a massaging motion with the index finger and thumb of the holding hand, sliding it along each finger. This is a great way to relieve stress and creates comforting feelings. In reflexology, one presses firmly with the opposing thumb into different areas of the palm. When a particularly tender area is found, focus in on that, applying steady pressure until the area releases. Often, you'll feel a knot under the tender spot. This is where the energy has gotten stuck and is not circulating. Keep massaging it until the knot releases. This can take anywhere from 30 seconds to several hours. In the case of a stubborn knot begin to notice any change in the knot, leave it and return later. You'll often find it has released on its own. From 25 No Cost Health & Healing Hacks by Boyd Martin)
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